Many people who are going through a divorce or custody case are unfamiliar with the court system and what to expect unless they have had friends or family who already went through the process. In most family law cases, there are several levels of proceedings. In Pennsylvania, custody, support and divorce issues are usually heard separately and all usually involve a lower level proceeding before a trial. One thing you do not see in family law cases is a trial by a jury. If you go to court for divorce, or custody or support, and you do not resolve your case at the lower level proceedings, you will have what is called a bench trial. This is very similar to the trials you see on television, as you will have witnesses testify under oath on the stand. The same rules of evidence and procedure also apply. As a party you will also testify under oath. Your case, however, will be decided by one person, the Judge. In criminal matters and even in civil cases, you can opt for a bench trial instead of a jury, but in family law cases, you do not have this choice. You will always have a bench trial. One person will decide the outcome of your case.
Sometimes when a divorce is pending, a party may decide that they no longer wish to live in the marital residence. When a party moves out and establishes residence elsewhere, the party who remains in the home may seek and will usually always be granted an order for exclusive possession of the marital residence while the divorce is pending. This means that even if the house is owned in both names of the parties, only the party who is living in the house will be allowed in or on the property while the divorce is pending. If you are thinking of leaving your home and moving out, it is advisable to make sure that you have secured all of your possessions before you move as you could be prevented from re-entering the property. Until a court order is entered, however, if you left and decide to return unless there is an order preventing it, you can always return to the house. If your spouse leaves, you can change the locks, however, until you get a court order, they can break a window and legally gain access. You may want to either get a written stipulation for exclusive possession or a court order.
Typically during a divorce, medical insurance is already in place when parties separated. Unless the parties agree otherwise, you cannot unilaterally drop your spouse from medical insurance during a divorce and must provide coverage until a divorce decree is entered as long as it still available through work. When parties go to support court, if both parties have medical insurance available for the children, it oftentimes make sense to look at who has a better plan and at what cost. It is not just the out of pocket expense on the premium that should be looked at, but also the coverage available and cost of deductibles. If the parties cannot agree on who will provide coverage for the children the court will weigh these variables to decide what makes the most sense. No matter who provides the coverage, the parties should realize that they will both share in the cost of medical premiums in proportion to their incomes either as an add on to basic child support or as a deduction. The parent who receives child support, however, will pay the first $ 250 in out of pocket medical expenses and the balance will be shared based on incomes.
Are you getting divorced and represented by counsel? Under the PA Rules of Professional Responsibility, an attorney is not permitted to communicate directly with a party whom they are aware is represented. This applies to that other party as well. These rules are there to protect not only the attorney but also the party. While sometimes you may think it is cheaper and easier to communicate directly with your ex’s attorney, it is a mistake. You may say or do something that could jeopardize your case. If you have hired an attorney, it is best to let them do their job and filter everything through your attorney. Your attorney will be able to determine what is relevant and should be conveyed to the other side and what may just simply end at their office. If you are frustrated with your legal fees and working with a middleman, explain this to your attorney and they may be able to offer suggestions on ways to either minimize your expenses or getting the information faster to the other side. Whatever you do, do not pick up the pen, computer or phone and contact the other attorney.
If you are getting divorced, you may have accumulated retirement plans during your divorce. Sometimes clients are surprised when they learn that the retirement plan that they have earned in their own name is subject to equitable distribution. Not only can your current spouse be ordered to be named your beneficiary in the event of your death, but they actually will be awarded a percentage of the benefits at the time of the divorce. It is important from the outset to obtain the plan documents from your plan administrator so that you know what options you have in the event of retirement on the selection of a survivor beneficiary as well as so you know under what terms a spouse can receive a distribution. In addition, just because your court order or agreement awards your spouse a percentage of your benefits, does not mean this is automatically going to be tax free. You must also have the order drafted in the form of a Qualified Domestic Relations Order. Most plan administrators have sample language that they will approve and it is a good idea to ask your plan administrator if they have sample language. You must always have your plan administrator approve the QDRO that is prepared before you send it to the Court to have the Judge enter it as an order.
When issues arise in a divorce that are in dispute, parties oftentimes are concerned with being right or getting justice. The divorce action itself, aside from the peripheral issues of custody if there are children, involves money. The court does not assess who is right and who is wrong in wanting to get a divorce. The court generally does not care why someone is getting divorced. The issues before the court are what financial assets does the court need to divide and what are the incomes of the parties with the disparity income between the parties as the biggest driving factor in the outcome of a divorce. When parties have issues that are in dispute, they often either involve a dispute over the value of an asset or the percentage that should be awarded in the divorce. In these instances, a party who is more interested in being right forgets to weigh the cost of proving they are right. For example, if two parties disagree on the buyout figure for a house and their dispute is a matter of difference of $ 20,000, the parties need to step back and weigh the cost of getting the house appraised, bringing an appraiser to testify in court, preparation time for court, time at a court hearing and any court costs and their expected percentage of the asset. When this analysis is done, oftentimes, the party will realize they could spend more in litigation than the amount they hope to gain the dispute. Disputes over financial assets are best settled by compromise. No one is ever going to be right and since courts are not liberal in awarding attorney fees, even if a party’s position prevails, the party will still be out of pocket to get to that position. At a minimum, a party must consider at all times the cost of litigation. For each and every dispute, it is important to weigh these factors: the cost to bring the claim, the anticipated cost in legal fees for discovery, preparation and attendance at trial, the amount of time it will take to have the issue determined, the cost of any expert witnesses, the amount of time and money lost from work in order to prepare for court and attend a trial, the emotional and psychological toll both on the party and any witnesses, the importance of preserving the relationship if any with the other party and affect on any common relations. Sometimes, a party may have to give up pursuing being right for the art of compromise because it makes more sense financially and psychologically. Understanding this is something a party needs to do anytime they are involved in litigation.
Bifurcation is the process whereby a divorce decree may be granted prior to resolution of the economic rights of the parties. Where granted, the court retains jurisdiction over the parties’ equitable distribution claims as well as support claims. Section 3323 (c)(1) of the Divorce Code discusses where bifurcation might be available. If both parties consent to bifurcation, the court can enter a divorce decree indicating that they are retaining jurisdiction over the unresolved issues. In the absence of an agreement for bifurcation, the party requesting it would have to demonstrate why it is necessary. Specifically, the statute states compelling circumstances must exist and there must be sufficient economic protection for the other party.
The other requirement for bifurcation is that there are already grounds for divorce. In a no-fault divorce, this would refer to both parties having consented after 90 days or a two year period of separation having run. Whether there are compelling circumstances and sufficient economic protection is up to the court’s discretion. The length of time the parties have been separated and/or litigating the divorce matter can be a relevant factor. Tax consequences have been considered as a factor given the potential benefit of filing as individuals versus filing married separately. Finally, the court may consider the assets already in each parties’ possession as well as a support order to determine the appropriateness of a bifurcation request under the sufficient economic protection prong. Some of the policies behind allowing bifurcation is to let the parties move on with their lives and offer an incentive for prompt disposition of all issues.
Oftentimes when people are getting divorced, there are many emotional issues involved. In instances where one spouse did not want the divorce, or even when they did but they endured physical abuse, adultery, mental abuse, or just the trauma of change that a separation brings, counseling with a qualified therapist or psychologist can be invaluable. While the process of getting divorced brings with it all these emotions, the application of the law of divorce does not consider all these emotions in the actual outcome of the division of the assets or alimony. This can be extremely frustrating for someone who feels that they need to be compensated for all they endured. It is important to be able to separate the emotion of the divorce from the actual application of the outcome of the divorce itself and this is where a therapist can really help someone. Having someone to help through the emotional process is important to be able to be rational when it is time to come to a discussion of the settlement of the assets and alimony.
In Pennsylvania, pets are considered personal property in a divorce. Like any personal property, if they were a pet prior to marriage, they go to the party who owned the dog at the time of the marriage. If they were purchased during the marriage, then like any other personal property, either party is entitled to keep the pet. If the parties cannot agree, they can either go to arbitration or they can decide that neither party gets to keep the pet. It is unrealistic to expect that the Court will entertain a custody schedule for a pet in a divorce. In addition, the custody statutes only apply to children. If you want to share custody of the pet, it is something that is best resolved through mediation. Through mediation, the parties can decide what things they want to address to agree on and this can include an agreement to share a pet. If you opt for this, be sure to not only include the schedule for you put, but also who will pay the expenses or how they will be shared, including vet bills, food, regular shots, etc.
If you are getting divorced, or recently filed, you may wonder how long it is going to take to get your divorce. In Pennsylvania, there are two no-fault grounds for divorce which is the vast majority of divorces even if you think you have been wronged. If you are already separated for two years when you file for divorce and have no assets to divide and no alimony issues, it can take as little as two months to get divorced. If you have no assets and no alimony issues but have not been separated for two years, there is a mandatory 90 day cooling off period. In those cases, you can expect your divorce to take about four to five months.
When you do have issues, either alimony or division of assets, it is much more difficult to predict how long it will take. One of the reasons it becomes much harder to predict is that you cannot get divorced until you know what the assets are which is accomplished during discovery. If your spouse is non-cooperative and does not provide the necessary information, you may spend a considerable amount of time in and out of court attempting to get this information. If you spouse does not consent to the divorce, you could be waiting at a minimum two years before you can even get grounds for divorcee which you need before you get divorced.
If your spouse is cooperative and you have assets and alimony issues but you are able to come to an agreement at the beginning, the timing would be about the same as if you had no issues, two months if separated two years already and four to five months if you recently separated.
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