Impact of Inheritance

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The receipt of an inheritance may impact your divorce or support case. Regarding divorce, and specifically equitable distribution of marital property, Section 3501 of the Divorce Code defines what will be considered marital property, and up for division, versus what will be considered non-marital property. Marital property includes all property acquired by either party from the date of marriage through the date of separation. There is a presumption all property acquired during the marriage is marital regardless of how title is held (e.g. individually vs. jointly). However, property received as a gift, bequest, devise or descent is non-marital per 23 Pa. C.S. 3501(a). Accordingly, an inheritance that is received during the marriage can still be claimed as non-marital property. As a practical tip, parties should avoid commingling inheritance funds with other marital funds. Inheritance funds may still need to be disclosed since the separate assets of the party are a factor for equitable distribution under 23 Pa. C.S. 3502.

Money received by way of an inheritance is similarly not to be considered income for a support matter. This was established in the case of Humphreys v. DeRoss, 790 A.2d 281 (Pa. 2002) wherein the court noted that the term “inheritance” was not expressly listed in the statutory definition of “income” under 23 Pa. C.S. 4302 and so was not intended to be included. However, Humphreys also established that receipt of an inheritance may still be a factor under Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1910.16-5. Rule 1910.16-5 states factors for the court to consider for deviation from a guideline support obligation. One of the factors the court may consider is the assets and liabilities of the parties. In E.R.L. v. C.K.L., 2015 PA Super 220, the court upheld an upward deviation of a child support award where father had just received a $600,000 inheritance. The base support award was appropriately calculated in that case without the inclusion of the inheritance money.

Click here to read more about division of property in divorce.

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Child Support

Child support in Pennsylvania is based on statewide guidelines established by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. The guidelines are intended to ensure that similarly situated parties are treated similarly. Accordingly, all parties making $3000 per month with 3 kids would pay the same amount of support based on the guideline amounts. The guidelines are based on an “Income Shares Model.” Accordingly, the guideline amount will be based on the combined net monthly income of both parties.

For purposes of support, net income only allows deductions from gross income for taxes, F.I.C.A. payments (i.e. Social Security), non-voluntary retirement payments, mandatory union dues and alimony paid to the other party. Gross income includes all wages, salaries, bonuses, fees, commissions, income from business or property, pension and/or other retirement, income from an estate or trust, Social Security disability or retirement benefits, temporary and permanent disability payments, workers’ compensation, unemployment compensation, alimony payments, and all other entitlements to money or lump sum awards.

The guideline amount looks at the combined monthly net income for both parents and the number of children. The child support award is then determined based on any applicable custody schedule and the proportion of income comprising the guideline amount. Additional expenses can be added in such as health insurance costs, child care costs, summer camp, private school tuition and unreimbursed medical expenses. These expenses will also be split between the parties in proportion to their income.

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Benefits Paid to Children

Benefits payable to the children can affect the child support award. Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1910.16-2(b) discusses the treatment of public assistance, SSI benefits, certain Social Security payments and foster care payments in regard to calculation of support. Per sub-section (1) public assistance and SSI payments cannot be considered. SSI is a federal means-tested benefit. It operates as more of a welfare benefit similar to public assistance. Examples of public assistance include cash assistance or food stamps. Sub-section (2) addresses social security derivative payments for children. Any social security benefit as a result of a parent’s death, disability or retirement should be addressed in the child support calculation. It should be added to the income of the party receiving the benefit.

Foster care payments are discussed in sub-section (3). Any payments received by the foster parent should not be included as part of their income in any other support matter. The rules for which benefits payable to children should be included in a support award parallel the rules for the parents. For example, Social Security disability (SSD) benefits received by the parents are counted as income for the party receiving it. The disability payments are meant to replace the income the recipient would have received if they had not become disabled. In contrast, Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is not meant to replace lost earnings but instead to provide some income to disabled people who would otherwise be poverty-stricken and accordingly is not classified as income for calculating a support award.

Click here to read more on calculating support.

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Post-Divorce Healthcare Options

Once a divorce decree is issued, entitlement to health benefits as a spouse terminates. COBRA was enacted in 1986 and allows temporary healthcare continuation at group rates for ex-spouses. The ex-spouse is responsible for the entire premium. In that regard, it will likely be more expensive than the rate for the employee who is likely receiving an employer contribution toward the premium. Employers with 20 or more employees are required to offer COBRA coverage. The maximum coverage period in the event of divorce or legal separation is 36 months.

A new alternative to COBRA coverage is the healthcare marketplace. Enrollment is generally at the start of the year however, enrollment is possible throughout the year if there is a qualifying event. Losing prior coverage as a result of divorce, having or adopting a baby, and getting married all constitute qualifying events. The marketplace will generate the plans available based on household income, location and tobacco use. There are four plans ranging from bronze plans which cover 60% of expenses to platinum plans which cover 90%. The monthly premium correlates with the percentage of out-of-pocket expenses that will be covered. The lower the monthly payment the higher the out-of-pocket expenses will be. All plans include routine doctors visits and preventative care, prescriptions, hospitalization and maternity care.

Medicaid is also an option. Eligibility for Medicaid coverage is based on adjusted gross income in relation to federal poverty levels.

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Unreimbursed Medical Expenses

Unreimbursed medical expenses may be allocated between the parties in a support matter in proportion to their income under Pa. R.C.P. 1910.16-6. The court may include the expenses within the support order or direct that it is paid directly to the party receiving support or their healthcare provider. The first $250 per year is the responsibility of the party incurring the expense. The parties will only need to share expenses that exceed $250 per year. Medical expenses eligible for reimbursement include co-pays and other expenses for reasonable, necessary supplies or services. Surgical, optical, dental and orthodontic expenses are included but are not an exhaustive list.

Expenses that are generally not eligible for reimbursement include cosmetic, chiropractic, psychiatric and psychological expenses. They may be included by mutual agreement or specific order of the court. Unreimbursed expenses should be calculated on an annual basis. Proof of the unreimbursed expenses must be supplied to the other party by March 31st of the following year. A limit may be placed on the amount to be reimbursed if it would otherwise be excessive. Domestic Relations can assist in the collection of unreimbursed expenses if the other party still refuses to pay their share after receiving timely documentation of the expenses. Untimely submission of unreimbursed expenses is left to the discretion of the court as far as if they will still be allocated between the parties.

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No Child Support Responsibility for College Costs in PA

In Pennsylvania, unlike New Jersey, child support terminates when a child reaches age 18 or graduates from high school, whichever is later. The Court has held that there is no obligation for parents to provide for children beyond this time. Even if your child resides with you and does not have a job and instead chooses to go to college, the other parent will have no obligation to pay anything towards college costs. If, however, you negotiate an agreement in writing with the other parent to pay for college costs and the other parent agrees to it in writing, then the Court can enforce that agreement under contract law. Oftentimes, parents who cannot negotiate an agreement for college costs in their divorce assume this means the other parent has no interest in paying or contributing to college costs. This is not always the case. A parent may still intend to assist a child with college costs but by not putting it in writing, they are not legally obligated to do that and instead, can decide if and how much they want to contribute. Also, it is important to decide where the child who attends college will reside as only the income of the parent with whom they reside will be relevant in qualifying for financial aid. If that parent, remarries, however, the stepparent’s income and assets can affect the amount of financial aid available to the child even if they have no legal obligation to support the child.

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SSD vs SSI

Social Security benefits may count as income depending on the nature of the benefits be received. For that purpose, it is important to differentiate the types of Social Security benefits to ensure an appropriate support calculation. Social Security disability (SSD) benefits are counted as income. The disability payments are meant to replace the income the recipient would have received if they had not become disabled. Essentially, disability payments have been pre-paid by the recipient during their employment. Accordingly, the recipient must have a sufficient earnings history, or in other words have paid social security long enough, to be eligible for payments.

In addition to the recipient receiving a benefit, their children can also receive a derivative benefit. The derivative benefit can be set up to be paid directly to the primary custodian of the children if the recipient does not exercise primary custody. Disability payments are retroactive to the date the disability was established so there could be a lump sum payment initially. Both the amount received by the recipient and the amount on behalf of the children as a derivative benefit should be factored into in support calculation.

Social Security income (SSI) is not be considered income for purposes of a support calculation. SSI is a federal means-tested benefit. It operates as more of a welfare benefit similar to cash assistance or food stamps. It is not meant to replace lost earnings but instead to provide some income to disabled people who would otherwise be poverty-stricken. Even though SSI cannot be considered, if the parent is otherwise capable of working, income from employment can still be considered for a support award.

Click here to read more on calculating child support.

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File to Modify Support if you are laid off

Whenever there is a change income, whether it is the party receiving child support or the party paying child support, it is that person’s responsibility to file to modify the support order. When someone is suddenly let go from work, even if they qualify for unemployment income, it is often necessary to file to modify support. Even though the wages are attached and the court receives their funds from unemployment, this still does not mean the court is put on notice. You must take initiative and file to modify the order. Even if it is temporary, you should do this in case you are out of work longer than you anticipate. Having to pay a support order based on income you no longer have can be disastrous. In addition, if you have lost health coverage, it is important that you notify the other party as soon as possible. If you are receiving support, likewise, you should file to modify your support order. Support orders are modifiable if either party experiences a change.

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Keeping Medical Records for Support Orders

If you have a charging support order in PA for either child or spousal support, you likely have to pay the first $ 250 in out of pocket medical expenses each year per person before the remainder are allocated based on a percentage. You need to keep good records in order to receive your remainder share. You should create a list per person of all medical bills per person that are received each month and keep a copy of the bill. You will also need to keep a copy of the check or credit card receipt showing that you paid the copay or bill. Once you have reached $ 250 for the year, you should provide the documentation showing that you reached this limit and then start keeping track of all bills that come in for the rest of the year and request the percentage the other side is responsible to pay. You will likely have to front the money and seek reimbursement. In all cases, if payment is not made by March of the following year, you will need to file contempt with the court in your Domestic Relations office and again provide proof of notice and payment. It pays to be organized and you should make this something you do in January of each year.

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Support Orders and Retroactivity

Normally a support order is retroactive to the date of filing. If, however, there was a reason someone was precluded from filing for support, say for a physical or mental disability, the support order could be retroactive to the date they could have filed if they had been able. If a party conceals their income, the court could find that they are in contempt of an order that requires material changes to be reported in seven days and the court could retroactively modify the support to the date that they concealed their income. This also requires that the other party timely file once they learn of the misrepresentation. In these cases, a Court can retroactively adjust the amount of arrears on a support order. If there is a change income after a support order is entered that would materially affect the amount of support, it must be disclosed to the other side.

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