Tag Archive for: income for support

Business Perks

It is not uncommon for self-employed parties or parties with ownership interests in a business to have some expenses paid for by the business. Examples may include paying their cell phone bill, car payments or repairs, travel expenses, entertainment costs, membership dues, etc. Many of these expenses can subsequently be deducted as legitimate business expenses in terms of preparing a business tax return however, they are treated differently in the context of family law. The issue of how personal perks are being paid often arises when trying to identify income available for child or spousal support. The value of some of these “business expenses” can be added back to a party’s income for purposes of a support calculation.

Business perks are also relevant in the context of a business valuation. An income based approach is most popular for small businesses. This method of valuation focuses on the cash flow of the business. The reasonable compensation of the party owner should be deducted from the cash flow of the business in doing a valuation however, the personal perks paid by the business on the owner’s behalf would need to be accounted for and subsequently, necessary adjustments would need to be made. Removing all expenses representing personal perks paid to the owner will increase the total income of the business and in turn, increase the value. If there is more than one owner a similar review of what business expenses are actually personal perks should be done for the other owners as well.

by

Stock Options as Income

Stock benefits are often given to employees as part of their compensation or as an incentive to remain with the company. One of the factors to consider when dealing with stock benefits is whether the benefits are vested or not. Vesting is when all restrictions on the exercise of stock benefits are lifted. Each employer may have different rules on how long it takes benefits to vest. It is important to review the grant documents for the benefits to understand how they work and when they will vest.

The value of stock on its vesting date can be considered income to the employee. Any appreciation after vesting is capital gain. Any subsequent exercise of stock benefits is taxable. Tax consequences may be reflected on the employee’s W-2 or the employee may need to report the receipt of income from stock options separately. The Pennsylvania Superior Court addressed stock options as income in Murphy v. McDermott. However, the court also noted that a one-time exercise of stock options should not be imputed for future years. The court may impute the value of unexercised stock options to the employee if they are available for exercise. A good family law practitioner should be able to identify all possible sources of income for each case.

by

Changes to Income

Once a support order is established each party is under a continuing obligation to notify the court of any changes income, employer or employment status. Changes income may impact the support order under the guidelines as the amount of support varies based on the income bracket the parties fall into. A reduction income does not necessarily mean the support order will change. The court can consider the reason behind the reduction income. A voluntary reduction income should have no effect on the support order. Voluntary reductions income are defined as a party taking a lower paying job, quitting or leaving a job, changing occupations or returning to school or being fired for cause. The purpose behind this provision is to make sure parties cannot benefit from attempts to escape or lower their support obligation.

A non-voluntary reduction in support may result in a change to the support award. Non-voluntary reduction income may result from a lay-off, illness, termination or job elimination. These are circumstances which the party has no control over. Even a party who faces a non-voluntary reduction income should take steps to resume employment as soon as possible. Prolonged failure to obtain employment can result in an earning capacity being imputed. Earning capacity is determined based on a party’s age, education, training, and prior work experience and earnings. For a party with limited or no prior work experience, an appropriate earning capacity may be minimum wage full time. For parties who have the skill set and education for a certain type of career, example nurse or IT specialist, the average income of someone in that career in the same geographic region as reflected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics can be useful in determining an appropriate earning capacity.

Click here to read more about support.

by

Income for Support

Each party’s monthly income is evaluated for the purposes of determining an appropriate support order. Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure dictate that each party’s monthly gross income based on at least a six-month window should be ascertained first. For purposes of support gross income includes all wages or salary, bonuses, commissions, business income, rental property income, pension or retirement payments, royalties and dividends, and income from an estate or trust, social security disability and retirement benefits, disability benefits, workers’ compensation, unemployment compensation and alimony. It also includes any other entitlement to money or lump sum awards such as lottery winnings, tax refunds, insurance compensation, settlements, awards or verdicts.

For income that is not received on a regular basis, it may be appropriate to average out the income over the course of a year. This may be applicable in the context of a bonus or other one time payment. Each party has an obligation to report any changes income after the establishment of a support order. Failure to timely report changes income can result in any subsequent modification of the support award being retroactive to the time of the failure to disclose. After identifying the gross income of the parties, the Rules then allow the following deductions to arrive at net income: federal, state, and local taxes, unemployment compensation taxes and local services taxes, FICA payments, non-voluntary retirement contributions, mandatory union dues and alimony paid to the other party.

Click here to read more about support.

by

Personal Perks

The issue of how personal perks are being paid often arises when dealing with a self-employed party. Examples of personal perks provided at the expense of the company may include cell phone payments, car payments or repairs, entertainment, meal expenses, travel expenses, country club dues, and other comparable expenses that primarily benefit the individual. These expenses may be still be permissible deductions for tax purposes but the court should consider the amount and nature of these expenses in a support case.

Personal perks are also relevant in the context of a business valuation for divorce. An income based approach is most popular for small businesses. This method of valuation focuses on the cash flow of the business. The reasonable compensation of the party owner should be deducted from the cash flow of the business in doing a valuation. Again, the personal perks paid by the business on the owners behalf would need to be accounted for and subsequently, necessary adjustments would need to be made.

Click here to read more about self-employed parties.

by